STEP 3 : MATRIX COMPARISON ON GLOBAL WARMING
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AUTHOR/TITLE |
ISSUES |
RO/RQ/AIMS |
THEORY/METHOD/ SOLUTIONS |
FINDINGS |
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Mi
Hyung Kim, Han Byul Song, Yuleum Song, In Tae Jeong & Jung Wk Kim (2013).
Evaluation of food waste disposal options in terms of global warming and
energy recovery: Korea. |
Energy recovery from wastes has
a great potential for redu cing CO2 emissions and thereby resulting in
greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions |
Evaluate and compare
environmental impacts of various food waste management systems: Anaerobic
digestion, co-digestion with sewage sludge, and volume reduction using a
garbage dryer followed by incineration from generation to final disposal. |
1.The environmental impacts of
each stage were analyzed using LCA methodology and an indicator model 2.Dryer-incineration option was
an available alternative for food waste recycling in a metropolitan area in
Korea. 3.Concentrated on feed
manufacturing for animals and composting 4. Each system was to treat food
wastes to stabilize and sterilize the final goal of waste reduction and
disposal by environment-friendly methods : >Scenario 1- anaerobic
digestion > Scenario 2 - co-digestion
with sewage sludge > Scenario 3 - dryer-incineration |
1.It was known that the
anaerobic co-digestion of sewage sludge and highly rich organics such as food
wastes or animal manure could increase biogas production 2. The system boundary for LCA
describes the time from initial food waste generation at the household to its
final disposal 3.It has been generally accepted
that the use of recycled materials is environmentally preferable to that of
virgin raw materials because the environmental loads associated with the
processing of recycled materials are less than those associated with the
extraction and processing of virgin raw materials
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Bobby
Magill (2016).
CO2, Climate Change Seen As Waste Disposal Challenge. CO2,
Climate Change Seen As Waste Disposal Challenge | Climate Central |
Global warming as a waste
disposal problem.Carbon dioxide remains in the atmosphere causing pollution
to be removed from tailpipes and power plants, trapping heat and heating the
planet |
Emissions in terms of trash that
needs to be taken out may draw more attention to something called negative
carbon emissions the process of
physically removing carbon dioxide from the air to reduce its concentration
in the atmosphere |
1. Negative carbon
emissions the process of physically
removing carbon dioxide from the air to lower its concentration in the
atmosphere may attract greater
attention as a result of the rubbish that has to be removed. 2. Carbon dioxide removal and
drastic emissions cuts are necessary to stop global warming.
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1. Negative emissions may have
to be part of the strategy to stabilize the climate, but most climate
policies aim to tackle climate change by cutting carbon emissions, not
removing them from the atmosphere. 2. Reduce carbon dioxide
concentrations in the atmosphere is in terms of an overflowing bathtub: The
tub is filling up with water, and it’ll eventually overflow if some water
isn’t removed. |
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Lund
University International Masters Programme in Environmental Science Lund
University, Sweden 22 November 2004.The Potential for Climate Change
Mitigation in the Nigerian Solid Waste Disposal Sector: A Case Study from
Lagos. (page 23-27) Wale
Aboyade's thesis (lu.se) |
In reality about 30% of waste
generated never gets to disposal sites (Agunwamba, 1998) |
Carry out an assessment study of
waste composition and generation rates in Nigeria . Waste collection has been
the priority. |
1. They go from house to house
collecting waste and are paid directly by the clients. 2.Another set of operators in
the waste sector are local waste collectors who with the aid of carts. 3.Collect waste from clients who
also pay them directly. |
1. LAWMA Akinwale Aboyade, LUMES
Thesis, 2003/2004 24 currently operates 3 dumpsites; Olusosun, Solus and
Abule-Egba. 2. The bulk of MSW revenues tend to focus on
collection services to the detriment of proper disposal services. 3.Actual dumping started in 1992
in the southern cell at a depth of 8 meters. The cell system under which it
was designed no longer exists. |
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Punter,
P., Ochando‐Pardo, M., & Garcia, J. (2011). Spanish secondary school
students' notions on the causes and consequences of climate change.
International Journal of Science Education, 33(3), 447-464. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09500693.2010.492253
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This paper is part of an
extensive study of secondary school students’ preconceived ideas about climate change.. |
This research aims, as far as
possible, to ascertain secondary school students’ (aged between 12 and 16) prior
knowledge of the causes and consequences of climate change. Therefore, this paper seeks to accomplish the following goals: ● Ascertain whether students
recognise the causes and consequences of climate change and whether they are
capable of differentiating them. ● Learn whether they feel
responsible for the problem. ● Detect possible conceptual
errors and interference from other environmental problems |
1.Preliminary
analysis of gender and type of school (urban, suburban and rural) revealed
that these aspects had no significant influence on the results. For this therefore,
these variables are not addressed in the next section 2.We
can deduce from the results obtained that students are mainly aware of the most
‘physical results’, such as an increase in the sea level, or an increase in
temperature, both of which are consequences that have been more widely
disseminated by the
media. Meanwhile, effects such as socio-economic problems or a lack of
equality among
countries are much more difficult for secondary school students to understand
and visualise. |
● When students are allowed to
freely suggest the causes of climate change, they mainly name means of transport,
air pollution, and industry. These three factors involve direct emissions into
the atmosphere and students are not directly responsible for them. However,
household energy use and deforestation and the use of land are less related to the
origin of the problem. ● Students are aware of a large
number of the consequences of climate change and prove this in both open-ended
and guided questions, the increase in temperature and melting of the poles being
named the most. However, they ignore the possible socio-economic problems, such as
migration due to a lack of adaptability, or health problems. |
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Björklund, A., & Finnveden, G. (2005). Recycling
revisited—life cycle comparisons of global warming impact and total energy
use of waste management strategies. Resources, Conservation and
Recycling, 44(4), 309-317. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0921344905000029
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Recycling of waste materials has
been analysed from a life cycle perspective in a number of studiesover the
past 10–15 years. |
1.Nevertheless, the
general public as
well as decision
makers often question whether
recycling is really
the best option,
and researchers struggle
to givean answer. 2.If, however,
focus is on
envi-ronmental issues and if the main objective of materials recycling
is to minimise overallresource
consumption and environmental impact,
the question should
be addressedfrom a
life cycle perspective
to minimise risks
of sub optimisation (e.g.Clift
et al.,2000). |
1.Results from Denmark indicate
that feedstock recycling may also be less favourable thanincineration of
plastics with regard to GWP (Mølgaard, 1995). This is, however,
contradictedby more recent results from Germany (Wollny et al., 2002),
according to which feedstockrecycling
is the preferable
option. Feedstock recycling
produces high value
output, buttypically has high
energy consumption, which reduces overall performance. 2.Incineration uses more energy
per tonne of treated waste than landfilling,while no energy is recovered from
glass and metals. Thus, from an energy point of view,incineration makes
little sense, while for practical reasons these fractions may end up
inincinerators as part of a mixed waste stream. 3.The results are
straightforward regarding recycling and total energy use, which is lower(in
one case equal) for recycling than incineration or landfilling of paper and
cardboard |
1.The results presented in this
paper indicate that producing materials from recycled re-sources is less
energy intensive than from virgin resources. 2.What is needed to
drawconclusions for a specific time and place is rather understanding of how
to determine, whatthese key factors actually are in the specific case. |
Global warming in Amazonia: impacts
and Mitigation,Philip Martin Fearnside
SciELO -
Brazil - Global warming in Amazonia: impacts and Mitigation Global warming in
Amazonia: impacts and Mitigation
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A worldwide temperature
alteration has possibly disastrous effects in Amazonia, while simultaneously
support of the Amazon backwoods offers perhaps the most important and
financially savvy option for alleviating environmental change. We realize
that the El Niño peculiarity, brought about by temperature motions of surface
water in the Pacific, has genuine effects in Amazonia, causing dry spells and
woodland fires (as in 1997-1998). Temperature motions in the Atlantic
likewise incite extreme dry seasons (as in 2005). We likewise realize that
Amazonian trees bite the dust both from flames and from water pressure under
hot, dry conditions. Also, water reused through the woodland gives
precipitation that keeps up with climatic conditions proper for tropical
backwoods, particularly in the dry season. What we want to know rapidly,
through increased exploration, remembers progress for addressing El Niño and
the Atlantic motions in climatic models, portrayal of biotic criticisms in
models utilized for decision-production about a worldwide temperature
alteration, and restricting the scope of assessing environment affectability
to lessen vulnerability about the likelihood of extremely serious effects.
Things that should be arranged incorporate the meaning of
"perilous" environmental change, with the comparing most extreme
degrees of ozone depleting substances in the climate. |
The goal of the United Nations
Framework Convention on Climate Change (UN-FCCC), also known as the
"climate convention," is to avoid greenhouse gas concentrations in
the atmosphere from reaching levels that create "dangerous interference
with the global climate system" (UN-FCCC, 1992, Article 2). The
definition of "dangerous interference" is still being negotiated. |
Deforestation can be reduced
through a variety of methods, including inspections and fines, the
establishment of various types of protected areas (including
"sustainable use" areas), various types of integrated development
projects aimed at channelling labour and capital resources to sustainable
land uses in deforested areas rather than clearing forest, direct payment for
environmental services, and policy measures affecting infrastructure
construction. Some of these choices, such as command-and-control measures,
reserve establishment, and payment for environmental services, are
exclusively available to environmental agencies like the Brazilian Institute
for the Environment and Renewable Natural Resources (IBAMA). |
Climate change is a threat to
the Amazon forests, and loss of forests is a threat to the climate. Changes
in land use in the Amazon region cause large emissions of greenhouse gases
such as carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide worldwide (Fearnside,
2007a, 2008a, 2008b). All hectares of deforestation have significant net
emissions, so reducing deforestation rates represents an avoided effect. The
potential value of these avoided impacts is much higher than the value gained
from traditional land use such as the sale of timber and livestock. Base
deforestation can be achieved. Avoiding deforestation is a means of
transforming the value of forest environmental services into cash flows that can be used by both forest
conservation and forest protectors. Avoiding greenhouse gas emissions is the
most likely environmental performance in the Amazon as an important source of
income, and maintaining biodiversity and the water cycle is a potential
source of long-term value. (Fearnside, 2008c). The use of the value of the role of forests in maintaining the world's
carbon balance depends on reliable
quantification of emissions caused by
deforestation. |
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Union
Of Concerned Scientist Tropical Deforestation
and Global Warming
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Global warming caused by
tropical deforestation. The
planet’s largest areas of tropical forest are the Amazon basin in South
America, the Congo Basin in Central Africa, and Southeast Asia. The amount of
deforestation, and its causes, are quite different in these three regions. |
Identify how tropical deforestation
contributes to global warming |
1-Reduce rate of deforestation 2-Reforestation of trees |
1-Forests are cut down to make
room for a variety of agricultural products and other human activities.
However, only four globally traded commodities are responsible for the
majority of tropical deforestation today: cattle, soybeans, palm oil, and
wood products. 2-When trees are cut down, much
of the carbon that has been stored is released back into the atmosphere as
CO2. Deforestation and forest degradation contribute to global warming in
this way. |
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The
Sources and Solutions: Fossil Fuels https://www.epa.gov/nutrientpollution/sources-and-solutions-fossil-fuels
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The presence of excess nitrogen
in the atmosphere. |
Ways to reduce nutrient
pollution. |
1. Manage and
reduce emissions 2. Increase
energy efficiency 3. Conserve
energy 4.Minimize the miles |
1. Leading
business are taking steps to understand and manage their greenhouse gas
emissions by preparing annual greenhouse gas inventories and setting
long-term targets to reduce emissions. 2. Improvig
energy efficiency not only reduces greenhouse gas emissions into the
atmosphere, it is good for a corporation’s bottom line. 3. You can do
this by turning off lights, computers and televisions when you are not using
them. To help cut down on air
pollution from cars, you can consolidate driving trips or take public
transportation. |
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Fossil
fuel production ‘dangerously out of sync’ with climate change targets. https://news.un.org/en/story/2021/10/1103472 |
Limit long-term warming to 1.5
degree celcius. |
Produce more fossil fuels in
2030 |
Limit long-term warming to 1.5
degree celcius, above pre-industrial levels ( Executive Director Of UNEP,
Inger Anderson).
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1.
Countries surveyed plan to produce around 110 percent more
fossil fuels in 2030 than would be consistent with the 1.5 degree celcius
limit, and 45 per cent more than what would allow a 2 degree celcius heating
impact. 2.
Current plans would lead to about 240 per cent more coal, 57 per
cent more oil, and 71 per cent more gas production in 2030, than would be
consistent with limiting global warming to 1.5 degree celcius.
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Environmental
and Energy Study Institute. Fossil Fuels. https://www.eesi.org/topics/fossil-fuels/description |
Burning fossil fuels has caused
dramatic change to Earth’s climate. |
Cleaner technologies such as
renewable energy coupled with energy storage and improved energy efficiency
can support a more sustainable energy system wit zero carbon emissions.
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1. Renewable
energy accounted for about 20 percent of U.S. electricity generation, and
that share is expected to continue to grow. 2. Crude oil
is proocessed in refineries to create fuel products and non fuel products. 3. Coal used to generate electricity. 4.Natural gas is burned to generate electricity. |
1. Hydropower,
biomass, wind geothermal and solar energy are reliable sources of renewable
energy and have been a growing part of the U.S. energy mix. 2. Majority of
the worls’ oil is pumped out of underground resrvois and processed in
refineries to create fuel products and non fuel products such as fertilizers. 3. Coal used
to generate electricity and has been stedily decreasing as the costs of
natural gas and renewable eergy have dropped, making coal less competitive. 4. Burned
natural gas used to generate electricity and commonly used to produce heat or
electricity for buildings or industrial processes.
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